Plato and Aristotle Essay

Plato and Aristotle both have been very influential as the ancient Greek philosophers. Aristotle was a student of Plato and there are many similarities between these intellectual giants of the ancient world but there are also many things that distinguish them from each other. Aristotle was far more empirical-minded than Plato. First, Plato’s philosophy relegated the material, physical world to a sort of metaphysical second class. His contention was that the abstract truths of the mind-mathematical truths, moral and normative truths about ideals-are what really matter in life and in philosophy, and that the empirical world around us consists of merely poor copies of these ideals. By contrast, Aristotle did as much or more work in what we would today call science (physics, biology, etc. ) as in what remains a part of philosophy. While Aristotle certainly did important work in ethics and related areas, he concentrated as much or more on examining the material world. Plato can be read at times as being quite disparaging of science. This is not true of Aristotle. Second, the difference in the approaches and values of these two philosophers resulted in very different political philosophies. Plato’s political philosophy, which can be found principally in the Republic. For him, the just state is one ruled by ascetic philosophers who have been raised from birth not to value material reward or exclusive human connections, even with their own kin. They are the ideal of wise, objective, fair-minded, ultra-rational beings. In contrast to Plato’s utopian political philosophy, Aristotle’s political philosophy, which can be found principally in the Politics, has a large component of descriptive political science. When he does argue for certain political schemes, they tend to be incremental improvements on existing systems. Like his teacher Plato, Aristotle’s philosophy aims at the universal. Aristotle, however, finds the universal in particular things, which he calls the essence of things, while Plato finds that the universal exists apart from particular things. Aristotle makes philosophy coextensive with reasoning, which he also would describe as â€Å"science†. Note, however, that his use of the term science carries a different meaning than that covered by the term â€Å"scientific method†. For Aristotle, â€Å"all science is practical, poetical or theoretical†. By practical science, he means ethics and politics; by poetical science, he means the study of poetry and the other fine arts; by theoretical science, he means physics, mathematics and metaphysics. In general, Plato is the more extravagant thinker, the â€Å"thinking outside the box type† who was equal parts brilliant and bizarre in his ideas. Aristotle is more the cool, logical, dry, systematic thinker whose works tend to read like encyclopedias.

Economics Practice Problems Essay

1. Which of the following would most likely cause equilibrium quantity and price of x to rise? (a)a fall in income when the income elasticity of demand for x is positive Wrong. This will cause a drop in demand and thus a fall in quantity. (b)a fall in the price of complementary product y Correct. A fall in a complementary product will cause a rise in demand for that product â€Å"y† and thus a rise in demand of product â€Å"x† (see graph). (c)a fall in the price of substitute product Z Wrong. A fall in a substitute product will cause an increase in the demand for product Z and thus a fall in the demand for product x. (d)an increase in the cost of producing x Wrong. The increase in production cost will decrease supply (see graph). (e)a fall in the price of product A which is jointly produced with x Wrong. A fall in price of a jointly produced product will give the incentive to produce more A. If this incentivizes the producer to also increase the supply of x, the effect would be opposite as in (d): less price and more quantity. 2. Which of the following is not characteristic of a cartel situation? (a)While disagreement over production quotas may occur, once set, there is little incentive for cheating. Correct answer. In a cartel there are incentives to cheat (all other are characteristics of a cartel). (b)There is an incentive for some producers not to join. (c)Entry of new producers is a threat to the cartel’s viability. (d)Long-run demand elasticity can pose an obstacle to success. (e)Output must be less than the competitive case for the cartel to be effective.

My Mistrees Eyes are Nothing like the Sun Essay

My Mistrees Eyes are Nothing like the Sun - Essay Example tead of using negative words to express how much he loved his mistress despite her imperfections and short-comings, Shakespeare chose to use positive words in expressing how he truly feels and see his mistress. Rather than making use of typical words of praise using sweet words such as skin as fair as a pearl, hair like strands of gold, or see roses in her cheeks when describing his mistress, he chose to be honest when describing the physical attributes of his mistress. The only difference in this particular sonnet is that Shakespeare decided to make use of satirizing technique as he contrasted the beauty of his loved one to the beauty of nature. For example: The 1st line of the sonnet tells us that â€Å"My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun†. In line with this, Shakespeare compared his mistress’ eyes with the sun but after reading between the lines, it is clear that Shakespeare is telling us that his mistress’ eyes are totally different from the sun. In general, sun is known for its natural beauty when the sun shines as it glows. Even though the shape of his mistress’ eyes is as round as the sun, he is simply telling us that the glow of happiness is not present in his mistress’ eyes. Shakespeare also noted in the 2nd line of the sonnet that â€Å"Coral is far more red than her lip’s red† It means that the color of corals is more red than his mistress lips. In normal circumstances, a truly in-love poet would tell us otherwise. Looking at 7th and 8th line of the sonnet, Shakespeare said that â€Å"in some perfumes there is more delight; than the breath with which my mistress reeks†. He also described her mistress as one that has dark-colored breasts, coarse hair, pale skin, and harsh voice. (See lines 3 to 6 and 9 to 10) Almost all the lines mentioned in the sonnet suggest that her mistress is not perfect physically yet he managed to accept her as who she is and enter into a relationship with her even though he is already married. Even though

Behavioural Aspects of Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Behavioural Aspects of Budgeting - Essay Example However, before anything else, it is a good idea to understand something about the chosen company. The Southeast Asia (S.E.A.) Olympus Marketing Incorporated is one of the affiliates of S.E.A. Olympus Group of Companies, which was founded in the Philippines in 1983. The other affiliates are SPARKO, distributor of imported surface coatings and SCADE Industrial Corporation, a manufacturing plant of stainless water tanks such as storage water tanks and hydro pneumatic pressure tanks. The S.E.A. Olympus Marketing Incorporated is both a trading and manufacturing company which operates nationwide in the Philippines. It has branches in the three major islands of the Philippines. The S.E.A. Olympus Marketing Incorporated is responsible for the distribution of products produced by other affiliates. Originally, the company was a distributor of composite materials such as resin and fiber glass to the fishing and fashion industries. Today, the S.E.A. Olympus Marketing Incorporated is having a link with its main suppliers in Singapore, Taiwan and China. This year, it is planning to expand in the entire country and later in the Southeast regions in Asia. As of the moment, it has sub-business units (SBU) in the major cities in the Philippines as part of its strategic positioning. This year, its goal is to expand, but part of it is to carefully manage its finances. At the national level, the S.E.A. Olympus Incorporated might appear to have a very complicated organizational working structure of working departments. For the purpose of looking at the micro level of the organization’s activity, this paper examines the working business units in the country. S.E.A. Olympus Marketing Incorporated is composed of sub-business units working together for one goal. Each of this sub-business unit is composed of general support group and frontline group. The general support group is composed of the Accounting

An Experience Demonstrating the Leadership Essay

An Experience Demonstrating the Leadership - Essay Example My friend died three years ago. He was not my closest friend. He was not a genius. He was not an extraordinary person whose very absence resonates through the universe. Nor was he a person who was important to me during his life. He was an ordinary boy who left no mark on this good earth. He died in an accident, and is missed by his family and friends just like any other person would be. And yet his death left its impact on me.  He was, in every sense of the word, ordinary. When I saw his sister at the funeral, however, I realized how unordinary he had been. She was a complete wreck. Her whole body was convulsing from the sheer weight of her pain. I realized that day that we spend our entire lives being â€Å"ordinary† and yet there is always that one soul which forgets how to survive without us. And we never realize it. It’s a remarkable thing, to touch people so and be touched by them thusly. I decided then that I would stop living ordinary, and embrace extraordinar y.  By extraordinary I only mean that which is not routine, which taxes my efforts. The challenge has been the discovery of my path, and how I struggle each day to remain on it. It’s hard, not succumbing to ordinary. Only two weeks ago I had to force myself not to do what I would have done in my past. My family disapproves of my sister’s marriage. They hadn’t spoken in months. It was her second anniversary two weeks ago and I had two options; either to continue as I’ve been or to do something about it. I decided on the latter. I spoke with my parents about throwing a surprise party for her. Speaking proved to be entirely useless. I then spend a good part of an entire two days persuading them, blackmailing them, trying to coerce them. Nothing worked.

How successful was the strategic bombing of Germany in the Second Essay

How successful was the strategic bombing of Germany in the Second World War On what criteria do you base your assessment - Essay Example The Germans sought to forego the horrors that dominated trench warfare by technically re-engineering the way in which soldiers met with enemy combatants on the battlefield. However, the Germans were not unique in such an alternate approach as the Allies sought to find a way to avoid a protracted ground battle that would likely see both sides grind to a halt and re-invoke the painful lessons and memories of trench warfare during the Second World War. As a means to avert this, the Allies opted for a litany of approaches; however, for the purposes of this brief research, the one that will be focused upon with the most depth will be that of the CBO (Combined Bomber Offensive) which aimed to bring about the combined destruction of German industry, economics, and moral by providing a steady stream of aerial bombardment to Germany throughout much of the latter part of World War II. Though this aerial bombardment has come to be collectively recognized as a key determinant with respect to the Allied victory, this analysis will attempt to define the campaign, categorize its intended and realized goals, and attempt to draw a level of meaning upon overall effectiveness based upon these prior definitions. Thought it would be foolish to claim that the importance of aerial bombardment was determined as a useful means by the Allies completely of their own volition and in a type of vacuum as it were, it would also foolish to fail to consider the means by which the German aerial bombardment of Britain had a profound effect in guiding and directing the way the Allies thought concerning such a tactic (Childers 2005, p. 79). As night after night for nearly an entire year, the cities and infrastructure of Britain was tormented by nearly incessant German aerial bombardment during the Battle of Britain, it is without question that the formulation of what would become CBO took careful note of the means by which such a form of warfare affected the populace, the moral, and was a useful, albeit costly mechanism, whereby the Allies could seek to leverage an advantage over Germany while at the same time seeking to undermine the nation economically, morally, and industrially (Parramore 2012, p. 75). Similarly, before delving into the overall effectiveness of such a strategy in bringing about the end to the war, one must also consider the fact that after the Battle of Britain was all but decided, the strength and potency of the German Luftwaffe had been so seriously degraded that it no longer had the capability to successfully counter the streams of lumbering bombers that pummeled its cities with tonne after tonne of payload. Likewise, the fact that the Luftwaffe was not only degraded from losses from the Battle of Britain but also from the fact that Operation Barbarossa had already begun in the East ensured that a supreme lack of equipment and support for air defense of the homeland was something that was all but assured (Gentile 1997, p. 53). Approaching the issue fro m this light, it is easy to understand why the Allies used this opportunity to leverage the seemingly inexhaustible production strength that the United States was able to supply Great Britain as fighter blames and bombers were replaced on the front lines at a rate greater than the Luftwaffe and supporting aerial defense ground forces could bring them

Discussion question 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Discussion question 2 - Essay Example Effectiveness on the other hand is concerned with achieving a stated objective. Effectiveness aims to ensure that the outcome of a process is the one that was intended when the production process was beginning. When considering effectiveness only, an organisation may explore different ways of achieving the end result. Effectiveness alone may not be enough in regards to the limited resources with which organisations have to work with therefore a balance between efficiency and effectiveness needs to be achieved so that after the production process, the organisation has not only achieved the main goal ,but it has also used a cost effective efficient process. Management can improve both efficiency and effectiveness simultaneously though the maximum benefits may not be achieved immediately. Efficiency could be improved by creating a conducive working environment for workers. This may include allowing flexible working hours. This way workers who are more productive in the mornings work in the morning while those who are more productive late at night work then.By allowing workers flexibility in their working, they end up being more efficient. Identifying workplace processes and mapping them helps determine if there are any unnecessary or redundant processes interfering with workplace efficiency. If such processes are eliminated or done away with efficiency is greatly improved (Kejz?ar 728). Embracing new technologies for example use of I pads in businesses increases computing flexibility and portability, greatly improves efficiency. Another way of improving efficiency at workplace is by encouraging teamwork among employees. This enables them to communicate more effectively .For instance if they are involved in teamwork activities outside the workplace as in a teambuilding retreat they are more likely to carry the lessons learnt back to the workplace .This way processes become become more efficient and the main objective of the organization is met thus both efficiency and effectiveness can be improved simultaneously Societal factors are external forces or factors emerging from changes and trends in the society that have impacts on organizations beyond their control. They include social cultural factors, legal factors technological advancements and international factors such as the global recession. Societal factors affect the theory and practice of management in various ways .For instance, current trends and attitudes are having a huge impact on how organisations and businesses are managed .Development of internet has led to many organisations turning to the world of online marketing and advertisements to enable them reach a broader range of clients. Many high street organisations are capitalizing on the popularity of the worldwide web to come up with exclusive online ranges of their products and goods. Changes in the society are resulting in organisations allowing a proportion of their employees, some with young children and others who have hect ic schedules to work from home (Kejz?ar 524). This way the employees who are not able to work from the office are not lost thus the employer does not have to look for new employees who might need training and take time before they become as efficient as the previous

Policy Contribution part 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Policy Contribution part 2 - Assignment Example This proposal favors the Latino portion of the population who make up the highest number of immigrants from Mexico, but the government should consider many underlying factors, including the reasons for immigration and the effects on the United States’ resources. This report will give an overview of factors to consider when formulating an immigration policy; then propose a possible policy change and implementation plan using the fifth and sixth steps Jansson’s policy plan respectively (Jansson, 2010). According to Guyette, Tavalin and Rooker (2012), the United States has throughout history attempted to control illegal immigration into the country by passing restrictive policies and increasing border security. These approaches have failed if the debate for and against illegal immigrants is anything to go by. Data concerning illegal immigration is mostly hypothetical, since transactions concerning immigrants are mostly not recorded in any official documents. For instance, Barnes (2010) claims that it costs each native households $ 1,117 per annum to support illegal immigrants, totaling to $113 billion a year for the whole nation. The influx of illegal immigration cases can be blamed on a myriad of reasons, but the main cause is the government’s inefficiency in enforcing its policies on immigration. Therefore, the country needs to refrain from a complete overhaul of policies, which has been the main reason for increased illegal immigration due to inefficiency and inconsistencies, and adopt a stable policy that will be monitored and improved continuously. Any policy proposal change should ensure to account for all the positive and negative aspects of immigration, mostly by being fair to illegal immigrants if the merits of having them in the country outweigh the demerits. An effective policy should contribute positively to various aspects of the United

Business writing - Informal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business writing - Informal Report - Essay Example Although the NCLB act act was signed into law to help improve school performance it has not been as successful. On the contrary, the act has only narrowed the curriculum to the detriment of science subjects. The federal and state governments have continued to invest the vast amounts of resources that in public education. Over the past few decades, the average performance of American schools has increasingly stagnated. This has been particularly attributed to the effects of rapid globalization. . Consequently the stakeholders of the U.S public schools need to be informed of the causes of low performances (NCES, 14). This report will therefore be Significantly critical in providing valuable insights into the causes of poor performance in our schools. Finally the report will help in the evaluation of potential mitigation measures for the stagnating performance in American schools. There are a number of potential causes of the current problem of low performance in American public schools. One of such causes is the problem is misallocation of resources and poor funding. For example, public schools generally receive fewer funds and sometimes these funds are distributed unequally in these schools. As a result students in private and chattered schools tend to perform better. Characteristically, most public schools are understaffed though the students in these schools are many. This often result into low educational and staffing ratios or rather student-teacher ratio (Darling, 87). Generally, the current issue of inequitable funding and misallocation of resources can be attributed to the following reasons: Public schools in the USA normally allow corporations apart from the federal government to manage chain of these schools. Consequently this has brought about different policies and procedures for the management of these schools because there may be contradictions in the policies. i. Poor documentation of administrative procedures-

Sleep and Time Essay Example for Free

Sleep and Time Essay Reasons why I should not fall asleep on duty. If I was to get called to a traffic accident or a domestic dispute I would not be able to respond because I would be asleep. Therefore I would not be able to complete my duties as a military police officer. Being a military police officer I should up hold the standards and the law appointed to me by the United States army. If I was asleep during an active shooter event that may take place at a bank or maybe the commissary, possibly even the PX in Hainerburg housing I would not be able to respond accordingly do to my current state. Being a military police officer means that I will be discipline physically and mentally tough, trained and proficient in my officer tasks and duties. For instance if I was asleep on shift and there was a bomb threat at the generals quarters whatever patrol I am I would not be able to respond accordingly to the situation. This could lead to possibly danger for patrols that are in the area. Say I am patrol 2-1 and a bomb threat is at the general’s quarters. Mohawk would call patrol to 2-1 to the scene and along with the patrol supervisor 2-0 to handle the scene and secure the area making sure that no civilians are in the area within a hundred feet of where the possible bomb threat is. On top of the bomb threat being in the generals quarters there is also an active shooter going on in the commissary. Then a bank heist occurs at Andrews’s federal credit union bank. People would be counting on me to be awake and to fulfill my military task and duties while patrolling the clay kasern area. Patrols 2-5 along with the patrols 2-4 would need backup and assistance at the generals quarters for the bomb threat and the bank heist at Andrews federal credit union. Patrol 2-3 and patrol 2-2 would most likely respond to the active shooter in the commissary. But if everything was handled and taken care of at the generals quarters and or Andrews federal credit union. Patrol 2-2 and patrol 2-3 needed assistance I patrol 2-1 would not be able to assist them. Being asleep during shift is no laughing matter, this is also a serious crime and you can be issued an article 15 for your actions. Another reason why not to fall asleep during shift is because if youre asleep during shif t and your battle buddy pulls up beside you to relieve you from duty he could just be a Blue Falcon, take a picture of you, and show your leadership. Reasons behind falling asleep during shift is due to the fact of not going to bed at reasonable times and or being exhausted from recent activities the night  prior. Falling asleep during shift is not the right answer. The right answer is to get out of your patrol vehicle and to stay active within the community and housing area that you may be patrolling at that time. If I was asleep on shift and there were kids play across the street and say one of them got injured or even taken from some kidnapper. Since I would be unconscious I would not be able to perform my military police duties and subdue the kidnapper using my police skills and levels of force. Let’s say that batman is real. If I was asleep during something important within the streets of Gotham, and we got a call because the joker was robbing a bank. I wouldnt be able to assist batman or my fellow military police officers with the apprehension of the evil villain, The Joker. All of this occurred because one day one guy thought he could do what no one else thought they could do or get away with sleeping on shift.during a crisis of up most urgency for that matter. Sleeping at work can lead to death. Possible security breaches can occured and people can be in danger. If I was walking down the street one day, Then I see a stranger, he might come up and ask me what I want to be, and I’ll tell him that I am a military police officer sworn to assist protect and defend the post and community from evil. This also ensures people that I am not a bad person because I help people. But it can all be thrown away if I fall asleep on shift and don’t do my job. According to Wikipedia Sleeping while on duty or sleeping on the job refers to falling asleep while on the time clock or equivalent, or else while responsible for performing some active or passive job duty. In some workplaces, this is considered gross misconduct and may be grounds for disciplinary act ion, including possible termination of employment. In other types of work, such as firefighting or live-in caregiving, sleeping at least part of the shift may be a part of the paid work time. While some employees who sleep while on duty in violation do so intentionally and hope not to get caught, others intend in good faith to stay awake, and accidentally doze. Sleeping while on duty is such an important issue that it is addressed in the employee handbook in most workplaces. Concerns that employers have may include the lack of productivity, the unprofessional appearance, and danger that may occur when the employees duties involve watching to prevent a hazardous situation. In some occupations, such as pilots, truck and bus drivers, or those operating heavy machinery, falling asleep while on duty could put  lives in danger. The frequency of sleeping while on duty that occurs varies depending on the time of day. Daytime employees are more likely to take short naps, while graveyard shift workers have a higher likelihood of sleeping for a large portion of their shift, sometimes intentionally. A survey by the National Sleep Foundation has found that 30% of participants have admitted to sleeping while on duty. More than 90% of Americans have experienced a problem at work because of a poor nights sleep. One in four admit to shirking duties on the job for the same reason, either calling in sick or napping during work hours. Employers have varying views of sleeping while on duty. Some companies have instituted policies to allow employees to take napping breaks during the workday in order to improve productivity while others are strict when dealing with employees who sleep while on duty and use high-tech means, such as video surveillance, to catch their employees who may be sleeping on the job. Those who are caught in violation may face disciplinary action such as suspension or firing. Some employees sleep, nap, or take a power-nap only during their allotted break time at work. This may or may not be permitted, depending on the employers policies. Some employers may prohibit sleeping, even during unpaid break time, for various reasons, such as the unprofessional appearance of a sleeping employee, the need for an employee to be available during an emergency, or legal regulations. Employees who may endanger others by sleeping on the job may face more serious consequences, such as legal sanctions. For example, airline pilots risk loss of their licenses. In war time in the United States, if a sentry falls asleep on duty, he may face the death penalty under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. During the Korean War, a soldier was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor for falling asleep at his post, but was freed early following a reversal by the Court of Appeals. In 1968, New York police officers admitted that sleeping while on duty was customary. February 2008 – the pilots on a go! airline flight were suspended during an investigation when it was suspected they fell asleep mid-flight from Honolulu, Hawaii to Hilo, Hawaii, re sulting in their overshooting Hilo Airport by 15 miles before turning around to land safely. Air traffic controllers in October 2007 – four Italian air traffic controllers were suspended after they were caught asleep while on duty. March 2011 – the lone night shift air traffic controller at Ronald Reagan Washington National  Airport fell asleep on duty. During the period he was asleep two airliners landed uneventfully. In the weeks that followed, there were other similar incidents and it was revealed that other lone air traffic controllers on duty fell asleep in the towers. This led to the resignation of United States air traffic chief Hank Krakowski and a new policy being set requiring two controllers to be on duty at all times. Bus drivers in March 2011 – a tour bus driver crashed while returning from a casino in Connecticut to New York City. Fifteen people were killed and many others injured. Though the driver, who was found to be sober, denied sleeping, a survivor who witnessed the crash reported that he was speeding and sleeping. Police officers/s ecurity guards in December 1947 – a Washington, D.C. police officer was fined $75 for sleeping while on duty. October 2007 – a CBS news story revealed nearly a dozen security guards at a nuclear power plant who were videotaped sleeping while on duty. December 2009 – The New York Post published a photo of a prison guard sleeping next to an inmate at the Rikers Island penitentiary. The photo was allegedly captured on the cell phone camera of another guard. Both guards were disciplined for this action, the sleeping guard for sleeping and the guard who took the photo for violating a prison policy forbidding cell phones while on duty. The inmate was not identified. Other instances have occurred in March 1987 – The Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station was ordered shut down by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission after four operators were found sleeping while on duty. Other cases have occurred where people have fallen asleep at work like these air traffic controllers. According to CNN Travel a NTSB air traffic controller was suspended for failing to respond to two planes heading into Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport has told investigators that he had fallen asleep, according to the National Transportation Safety B oard. The controller, a 20-year veteran, indicated that he had fallen asleep for a period of time while on duty, according to a statement released Thursday by the safety board. He had been working his fourth consecutive overnight shift (10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.). Human fatigue issues are one of the areas being investigated, the statement read. Federal Aviation Administration chief Randy Babbitt said earlier Thursday that the FAA and the National Transportation Safety Board are investigating the incident and that the air traffic controller has been suspended from all operational duties. An FAA  official speaking on background said the controller was given a drug test after the incident. The official said the drug test was standard procedure and did not know the results. NTSB: Controller fell asleep and people ask how safe are air traffic control towers? The situation began at 12:10 a.m. Wednesday, when an American Airlines plane attempted to call the tower to get clearance to land and got no answer, said Peter Knudson, a spokesman for the safety board. The plane had been in contact with a regional air traffic control facility, and a controller at that facility advised the pilot that he, too, had been unable to contact anyone at the tower, according to a recording of air control traffic at the website liveatc.net.1012, the controller said, using the airlines flight number, called a couple of times on landline and tried to call on the commercial line, and theres no answer. â€Å"The tower is apparently unmanned. â€Å"Apparently asked why by a pilot, the controller later responded, Well, Im going to take a guess and say that the controller got locked out. Ive heard of this happening before. Fortunately, its not very often, he said. Knudson said the plane landed without incident in a situation termed an uncontrolled airport. About 15 minutes later, a United Airlines flight also failed to reach the tower but landed without any problems, he said. After that, the controller in the tower was back in communication. Knudson said one contr oller was staffing the tower at the time this occurred. The controllers admission that he was asleep during the landing emergency underscores concerns about the effect of fatigue on under slept controllers at work. In 2007, then-NTSB Chairman Mark Rosenker wrote in a letter to the FAA that four plane incidents provide clear and compelling evidence that controllers are sometimes operating while fatigued because of their work schedules and poor use of rest periods. That fatigue has contributed to controller errors, Rosenker wrote. The incidents cited by the NTSB were: On March 23, 2006, an incident in which a Chicago air traffic controller cleared a plane to take off from a runway on which, 15 seconds earlier, he had cleared another aircraft to cross. The pilot of the departing plane stopped when he saw the other craft in the taxiway intersection. The controller told investigators he had slept only four hours during a nine-hour break between shifts. In an August 19, 2004, incident a Los Angeles controller cleared one passenger jet to take off and another to land on a runway at the same time. The pilot in the landing  aircraft noticed the other on the runway and pulled his plane up 12 seconds be fore they would have collided. The controller said he had slept five or 6 hours before coming to work. On September 25, 2001, an incident in which a Denver air traffic controller approved a request from a cargo plane pilot to take off from a runway that had been closed for construction. The aircraft came within 32 feet of hitting lights that had been installed in the construction zone. The controller said hed slept only two hours between work days. On July 8, 2001, an incident in which a Denver controller cleared one passenger plane to cross a runway where another was about to land. The landing pilot hit the brakes, stopping 810 feet from the other plane. The controller said he had worked three shifts in two days. Of the most recent incident, Babbitt said, In my 25 years as a professional airline pilot, Ive never seen anything happen like this. â€Å"I am outraged by it, Babbitt said. Were going to make sure something like this never happens again. Babbitt stressed that, because of a backup system, neither plane was out of positive radar contact, nor were they out of communication with the FAA, thus allowing both to land safely. â€Å"That said this should not have happened, Babbitt said. We should not have had this gap in communication. We had to rely on a backu p system, which shouldnt have happened. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood ordered the FAA on Wednesday to schedule two controllers on the overnight shift. It is not acceptable to have just one controller in the tower managing air traffic in this critical air space. I have also asked Babbitt to study staffing levels at other airports around the country, he said. Knudson said its not uncommon for planes to land at uncontrolled airports. He said control towers at some fields across the country shut down for the night, and planes still land. However, he could not comment on whether that practice was ever used at Reagan National. The American Airlines flight, which was coming from Miami, had 91 passengers and six crew members aboard, airline spokesman Ed Martelle said. The United Airlines flight was arriving from Chicago with 63 passengers and five crew members, spokeswoman Megan McCarthy said. American Airlines had no comment on the situation, saying it was leaving it to the FAA to handle. United Airlines noted that the National Transportation Safety Board is reviewing the incident, and McCarthy said the airline is conducting its own review. So even after all of these discussions and people’s arguments some say that  they sleep because it is customary and some say it’s because of not enough sleep but the truth is, is that it’s all wrong. Falling asleep on duty as a patrol is very bad and you should not do it. It can cause a lot of trouble and for no reason. Main things people have to worry about are staying awake and staying alert and ready to complete their jobs that they have to do. Most people don’t realize how people can fall asleep but it’s all too easy which sucks because the easier something is to do, the easier it is to do it often. I personally don’t like that I get tired but I fight it by staying active and doing things to take up time will working. I try to do walking patrols frequently and take short breaks outside my vehicle to stretch out and stop feeling cramped in my patrol car. Being asleep on duty is not a good thing because it can get you in trouble and being in trouble is never a good thing. It leads to not being trusted, not included in certain events, and no one wants to be around a trouble maker. Staying awake and focused on the tasks ahead is a great way to stay out of trouble and not asleep. Staying awake on shift is important in so many ways and for some people it’s hard to believe that it’s just that important. In Japanese culture it’s actually a good thing if you fall asleep at work because it s hows people that you are just sleeping because all the hard work you have been doing. There are rules to this though. One rule is you must sit up and look engaged (despite the fact that youre asleep). It must appear that you could wake up at any moment and do something great. Second rule it’s easier to get away with if youre the boss. Sleeping at work is a sign of confidence — it shows youre indispensable to the company and can get away with it. Junior staff can also get away with it because no one notices them. If this was the case for everywhere my life would be great. But alas†¦ it’s not so don’t sleep on shift. Sleeping on duty is just as bad as sleeping with a tiger that will eat you. If you wake up with the tiger and it’s going to eat you well you’re pretty screwed. Just like if you wake up to your leadership in front of you†¦. You’re pretty screwed. If life gives you lemons†¦.. Squirt them in your eyes so you can stay awake for shift. Then think about how much better off you will be now that you’re not in trouble. Staying awake on shift is crucial to surviving through your day. If you don’t stay a wake you can cause bodily harm to yourself because you will most likely be getting dusted off out back for your actions. Other ways of punishment for sleeping is writing  a RBI the most spectacular punishment ever known to man. If there can be only one man left standing between a RBI and getting corrective action the RBI will always win. Thus why you should never fall asleep during duty hours because it’s very bad. If you’re falling asleep while driving you’re definitely in the wrong and you need to pull over. Don’t try to be a hero and fight through it. Instead get out and wake up for a bit because that’s a million times better than crashing your patrol vehicle. After doing some research I’ve found out ways that can help me stay awake during work. Listen to music thats energizing to you. If possible, dance or sing along, even if you just bob your head or hum. Music thats irritating or jarring may keep you awake better than music thats familiar. Just do your co-workers a favor and remember to use headphones! Listen quietly instead of loudly. Its a common misconception that blasting music loud will help keep you awake. Actually, turning the music down to a very low l evel is more effective. It forces you to try to listen closely in order to hear the instruments, lyrics, and percussion. If youre having difficulty discerning the lyrics, then the volume is just right, because this means your minds working. Expose yourself to bright light, preferably, natural daylight. Your bodys internal clocks are regulated by your exposure to sunlight. This means you can trick your body into believing it should be awake even when it feels tired. Step outside, even just for a bit. If you can step outside (even on a cloudy day) or look out the window for a full minute, youll be more alert. Work the artificial lights. Even if youre in an environment where theres artificial light, brighter is better. Wherever you work, see if you can replace the light fixture or add a lamp that will brighten your workspace. Chew ice. If you chew ice, its almost impossible to fall asleep. The chilling temperature keeps the brain on its toes, even while you are driving late at night, exhausted, and what you really want to do is fall asleep. Chewing anything, even if its just your pen or pencil, causes your body to think you are about to eat. Your body will prepare for food intake by releasing insulin, which will make you m ore alert. Splashing cold water on your face helps out a lot. If its a little cold, take off your sweater or jacket so you stay on the chilly side. Open a window or put on a small fan, pointed at your face. The reason your body responds the way it does to cold is that its prepping itself to work to keep you warm. Your body needs to  regulate your internal temperature to keep all of its organs functioning. So if it detects ice or extreme cold, it will work to keep itself awake longer. Use your sense of smell. A pungent scent — good or bad — can make you more alert very quickly. Aroma therapists often recommend essential oils of the following plants to stimulate the nervous system and reduce fatigue. Open the bottle and take a big whiff of the following when youre feeling drowsy: Rosemary, Eucalyptus, blue gum, Peppermint, Coffee. Beans or brewed, both work: a study has shown that simply smelling coffee can awaken a person. Of course, not all of us have essential oils stored in our file cabinets. Using hand lotions or burning candles with these same scents could help. Herbs like rosemary and peppermint can often be found fresh or dried at a grocery store; for a little pick-me-up, take a pinch and roll it between your fingertips and smell it. Eat healthy. Eating can help you stay awake, as long as you avoid a full stomach. As most of us know, eating to excess often makes us sleepy, so dont eat a full pizza or that 12 oz. steak during lunch. Munch on snacks all day rather than having a big meal. The key is to not get a spike of sugar intake (followed by the inevitable crash). Predictably, the same goes for caffeine: break your coffee, soda, or energy drink consumption down into small doses. Avoid breakfasts that are high in carbs (muffins, toast, pastries, bagels, etc.). Youre giving your body a reason to crash at about 11 AM because it gets a sugar spike early on. Put a small handful of sunflower seeds in your cheek and crack them open one at a time, using only your teeth and tongue; this will require just enough active thought and tongue movement to prevent you from dozing off, and the salt of the sunflower seeds is invigorating and stimulating; spit out the sunflower husks into a paper cup as you go, as quietly as possible so as to not disturb others around you. Try stretching. Stretching and twisting your body can help improve blood circulation, which helps keep you awake. Rolling your head/neck for about 20 seconds can help as well. Use acupressure and Massage any of th e following points to improve circulation and ease fatigue: The top of your head. Lightly tap it with your fingertip or use a scalp massager. The back of your neck and Back of your hands. Right between the thumb and index finger is best. Just below the knees and also the Earlobes. Try simple exercises like jumping jacks, push-ups, crunches, and squats. Dont push yourself like you do in the gym; instead, just exercise enough to get your  blood flowing and keep your coworkers from noticing your strange behavior! Stay on your feet as much as possible. If youre sitting most of the time, get yourself up every 20-30 minutes. If you need any motivation to stand more of the time, consider this: people who stay seated for less than three hours a day add almost two years to their life expectancy. If you have to sit down, get the most uncomfortable chair you can find. Try not to sit in anything that will make you sore if you stay there. Make sure the back is upright, forcing you to sit up very straight. Dont allow your head to rest on anything — your hands, the desk, the wall. Take a short walk. Some people take a short walk to re-energize them. Its generally thought to be a good distraction, especially if youre sitting in front of a computer screen all day long. Studies show that taking short breaks from work actually helps your productivity. So if youre worried about missing that deadline, dont stress! Walking breaks will help you. (You can let your boss know.)Take a power nap. If you have the time, sleeping for just 15-20 minutes can increase your alertness by leaps and bounds if you have a cup of coffee (or any other form of caffeine) right before you fall asleep. The caffeine will take about 20 minutes to begin working, so you shouldnt have any trouble falling asleep right away, and youll wake up refreshed. Sleeping just 20 minutes helps activate the right hemisphere of the brain, which is responsible for processing and storing acquired information. Have a regular bedtime and a healthy diet. Brains benefit greatly from schedules. If you go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even the weekends, your brain know when its time to sleep and fall into a pattern. Getting proper nutrition will also ensure that your body has the proper energy throughout the day without having to resort to naps for extra strength. How much should you sleep to ensure that youre properly rested? Adults need anywhere from 7-9 hours of sleep per night. If you are pregnant or older, you may need even more sleep, anywhere from 10-11 hours. Some recommend going to sleep with your curtains halfway open. The early morning sunlight will send signals to your I’m gay body to slow production of melatonin and start production of adrenaline, making it easier to wake up. Focus your mental powers. It sounds hard, but dont let your mind go into the fuzzy stage. When your mind starts to go blank, think about something, whether its a joke, a movie, or anything else to keep your mind working. Even thinking  about something that makes you mad can be extremely helpful. Unless theyre drinking, you typically dont see an angry person abruptly fall asleep. Falling asleep down range used to be punishable by death and also it can get you in a lot of trouble and can get your squad or team or platoon or company or somebody else’s team squad platoon or company killed and then you’re done for because you’re dead. If you were to fall asleep while as the gunner position in your vehicle you are at risk for attack and put everyone’s lives around you in danger. If there was a n attack you would most certainly die or worse someone else might die and that would be on you. Sleep can be just as important to your mission as having enough food, water and ammunition. Although it may not always be possible to get a full night’s sleep while you’re deployed, developing healthy sleep patterns and habits can help build your resilience, improve your ability to deal with necessary periods of sleeplessness and prepare you to perform your best during a mission. Getting enough quality sleep is especially important for leaders making decisions critical to mission success. Sleep is a biological need – like air, food, or water – and is critical for sustaining the mental abilities needed for success on the battlefield. The average adult requires seven to eight hours of good quality sleep every 24-hour period to sustain operational readiness. Sleep is also incredibly restorative. It helps the body repair itself, it builds resilience by boosting the immune system and it gives people a foundation to help them tackle their tasks each day. Getting enough regular sleep will also improve learning, memory and performance. When you donâ€⠄¢t get enough sleep, it can be harder to perform your best on the battlefield. For example, lack of sleep may result in: Slower reaction times, Poor concentration, weakened immune system, Negative moods and lack of motivation, impaired memory and judgment. When being deployed having sleep is very important and people depend on you to get the job done. Doing PT before shift also comes in as a factor of why people may be sleepy before shift. Doing PT is energizing but also can be very tiring at the same time. Doing your best to not fall asleep on shift is important enough. But on top of that you have to worry mostly on your mission at hand. That is staying focused and getting to calls and responding with all the training that you have received over your time in the army. Since I’ve only been in for 9 months I’m still pretty bad at all this so I’m sorry for falling asleep. I  honestly think I suffer from sleep apnea. It could also be that I’m narcoleptic which is pretty bad. If you were to talk to people back home about how much I sleep they would say that they were surprised that I wasn’t in a coma. I use to sleep standing up at my job at Winn-Dixie as a cashier. It was only a few times but still it h appened. I use to come home from school and sleep till about 10pm and I got home at 4pm. I had a bad problem with doing my homework with this problem. I’m sorry I fell asleep SGT P. I know I’m not the best soldier but I try not to mess up and get yelled at. I’m mostly quite all the time just so people can just over look me and try not to notice me. I feel like I shouldn’t be where I’m at sometimes because the way people talk to me. I guess it’s just a normal PVT thing so I always just let what people say to me not try to affect my day or what I’m doing. Falling asleep is stupid and is very much punishable by Article 15. I need to keep trying to get squared away with everything so that maybe one day I can just be a squared away soldier that you don’t have to worry about. Joining the army has changed who I am today and I’m so thankful for that. I had to right an RBI in basic and it was about fraternization I know what you’re thinking I surprised it’s not about sleeping but when its really comes down to it we all mess up and we are all sorry about it and I’m going to try my hardest to not mess up again. I would end it here but I have 2000 more words so I’m just going to keep going and talk more about the army and my goals from here on out and why I shouldnâ€⠄¢t sleep. 10 amazing reasons why you should not sleep on shift/work/duty. #1 you can’t provide covering fire or any kind of fire if you are passed out sleeping in your cot back at the fob when you should be helping your battle buddies out and not being a blue falcon. #2 when you’re working the road you need to be awake to respond to calls and to be there for the people that live in housing if they need you. It’s your position so don’t mess it up and maybe you will get a high five at the end of shift. #3 If you are trying to be the best then it doesn’t help to get totally shit faced the night prior to coming into work and not being able to handle it. This leads to people being angry and disappointed. #4 you can literally get people killed by falling asleep. #5 says you have watch tower duty when you’re deployed and you fall asleep and the base gets ambushed. Once everything’s said and done you might as well hope that you’re dead because yo u’re going to be in some deep shit. #6 if a little girl comes  up to the car and tries to get help and she sees that your asleep she might get kidnapped because she was lost and needed help and you couldn’t provide for her. #7 if there was a fire and a pregnant mother was trapped in the house still the fireman is all busy and you’re the only one left to help. Looks like there are 2 lives that you will always have on you conscious because you weren’t there to save the day. # 8 when Mohawk calls you to the desk and he has some cases to do you won’t be able to respond because your asleep way to go.#9 If you were asleep on duty and your co-workers call you back for something you won’t be able to come cause your asleep. The sad thing about it was they were throwing you a surprise birthday party and now your just a sad disappointment to them all.# 10 last but not least you let yourself down and that should mean something to you so shame on you if it doesn’t cause you’re a really horrible person. Working shift has its ups and downs mostly its downs. A shift worker is anyone who follows a work schedule that is outside of the typical 9 to 5 business day. In the past few decades the United States has become increasingly dependent upon shift workers to meet the demands of globalization and our 24-hour society. From a competitive standpoint, shift work is an excellent way to increase production and customer service without major increa ses in infrastructure. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, millions of Americans are considered shift workers, including doctors and nurses, pilots, bridge-builders, police officers, customer service representatives and commercial drivers. However, while shift work does create potential productivity advantages, it also has many inherent risks. Some of the most serious and persistent problems shift workers face are frequent sleep disturbance and associated excessive sleepiness. Sleepiness/fatigue in the work place can lead to poor concentration, absenteeism, accidents, errors, injuries, and fatalities. The issue becomes more alarming when you consider that shift workers are often employed in the most dangerous of jobs, such as firefighting, emergency medical services, law enforcement and security. Managers and policy makers who are responsible for writing and enforcing rules regarding employee work hours must address the specific issues of a 24-hour work force in order to succeed and benefit from such a labor force. Although addressing these issues may require some investment up front for training and other measures, the bottom line is that improved sleep in  workers may lead to improved productivity. In fact, to ignore the needs of the shift worker is reckless and irresponsible when you consider that billions of dollars in yearly costs, thousands of deaths, and some of the most notorious of modern catastrophes such as the failure of the Space Shuttle Columbia and the crash of the Exxon Valdez have been attributed to human fatigue. According to the International Classifications of Sleep Disorders, shift workers are at increased risk for a variety of chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. Whether this is related to the fact that shift workers are awake and active during the night hours or because they tend to get fewer hours of sleep overall than traditional workers is not known. Also, shift workers often miss out on important family and social events due to their work schedules. Most managers recognize that understanding and addressing these issues improves employee morale, performance, safety and health, and can dramatically improve the bottom lin e of the company. People who work in the transportation industry face some of the most serious challenges. They battle fatigue because of their irregular sleep schedules and endure long ted  ious hours at the controls or behind the wheel. In fact, research suggests that driver fatigue behind the wheel caused by sleep deprivation is one of the leading safety hazards in the transportation industry. According to the International Classifications of Sleep Disorders, shift work sleep disorder is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder. Circadian rhythm refers to the ~24hr rhythmic output of the human biological clock. It is considered a disorder because of the frequency with which people suffer from sleep disturbance and excessive sleepiness in trying to adapt to a shift work schedule. The main complaint for people with shift work sleep disorder is excessive sleepiness. Other symptoms include: Insomnia, Disrupted sleep schedules, reduced performance, Difficulties with personal relationships, Irritability/depressed mood. Unfortunately, treatment for shift work sleep disorder is limited. Both behavioral and pharmacological remedies can help alleviate symptoms. Some research indicates that the body may never fully adapt to shift work, especially for those who switch to a normal weekend sleep schedule. But there are ways of getting adequate sleep while doing shift work. For some shift workers, napping is essential. It can be extremely effective at eliminating fatigue-related accidents and injuries  and reducing workers compensation costs. Although most employers do not allow napping in the workplace, a ban on napping may soon prove to be a legal liability. Thus, efforts to make workplace policies nap-friendly may soon gain popularity as the issue increases in global significance. I strongly agree with a nap friendly work place. Although not everyone who works odd hours has shift work sleep disorder, a lot can be at stake. People with shift work disorder have higher rates of absenteeism and accidents r elated to sleepiness than night workers without the disorder. Memory and ability to focus can become impaired, and shift workers who are sleep-deprived often get irritable or depressed, says Wesley Elon Fleming, MD, clinical assistant professor at Loma Linda University and director of the Sleep Center Orange County in Southern California. Their relationships and social life can suffer, too. Shift workers also face potential health problems, researchers have found. Overall, those who work night or rotating shifts seem to have a higher risk of ulcers, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease. Nearly everyone has days when they feel sleepy. But for some people, excessive sleepiness actually gets in the way of daily work, childcare and even leisure activities. This is known as hypersomnia, recurrent sleepiness that makes people want to nap repeatedly, even at work. Not surprisingly, the problem of daytime sleepiness usually starts at night. Even missing just a few nights’ sleep, or not getting enough uninterrupted sleep, can slow you down and sour your mood. People who have problem sleepiness are often advised to go to bed and get up at the same time every day, including on weekends. But randomly setting an ideal bedtime can lead to more frustration if you suffer from insomnia and already have trouble falling asleep. Another approach to getting into a consistent schedule is to try going to bed 15 minutes earlier each night for four nights. Then stick with the last bedtime. Gradually adjusting your schedule like this usually works better than suddenly trying to go to sleep an hour earlier. Regular mealtimes, not just regular sleep times, help regulate our circadian rhythms. Eating a healthy breakfast and lunch on time rather than grabbing a doughnut and coffee in the morning or a late sandwich on the run also prevents energy deficits during the day that will aggravate your sleepiness. Plan to finish eating meals two to three hours before bedtime. If you do all of this you should be feeling good for work and get a good  night’s sleep. Many times have people done stupid things and gotten away with them. It just so happens I wasn’t so lucky and I had to write this paper on why I shouldn’t sleep at work. I have looked up reasons why not to and people’s ideas on how to even stay awake for work. I’ve talked about what a bad person you are for doing and when you do you put everyone around you in danger and their lives. I’ve given some pretty detailed stories of other people that fall asleep at work as well. Putting all of this in one paper is really long and hard and very, very tiring. I again am super sorry for falling asleep during shift and I know now from so much research that it is an issue not only for me but for many people across the world. I promise that I will use some of these techniques I have learned to stay awake on shift and to never be looked at as the guy who fell asleep. I don’t want to be a disappointment to you any longer and I hope that we can move past this and move forward as a best as possible so we can still be an efficient team. Along with Birdwell.

The Well Meadows Hospital Management System

The Well Meadows Hospital Management System This document describes an online management system for a small hospital named as wellmeadows. This system creates online data storage for all the information related to the proceedings of the hospital and hence making the information available as well as more reliable to the users. The information becomes easily accessible as well as more secure with the system being secured by user credentials. The hospitals current functionality is based on a register based system that involves the maintaining of every transaction, records of patients, doctors, nurses in huge files that are stored in hospitals store room. It is not only difficult to search for certain information but also very difficult to maintain historical data. The old files are prone to get damaged and it is very difficult to manage this huge collection of documents and keep it organized. The new system is based on a database management system that allows secure, easy and reliable storage of data and retrieval is also very easy. In the old system, a user needed to know in which register particular information is stored but in the new system a user has a graphical interface, where he can simply search for the information by doing some clicks and selecting the correct options (Liang 2010). The ease in accessing information not only improves the information management but also impacts the day to day activities of the hospital. It reduces the delay in information retrieval and the delay in providing necessary treatment to the patients as per their historic records is also reduced that will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the treatment (Prokosch Dudeck 1995). Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions This document is meant for the users of the system i.e. the administrators and staff of the wellmeadows hospital. This document explains the system design and its usage and not meant for external users. This document not only guides the user how to operate the system but also tells how to use the system efficiently to match with requirements of the user and let him take the profit out of it. This document will also help the developers in the situation where modifications are required in the system. Project Scope The project currently is limited to the internal use of the hospital and is simply meant to store and provide useful information. The system doesnt generate any information or predictions of its own. The system will be helpful in better management of the hospital and will provide all the information in an organized manner. This project is not meant for users outside the hospital and will not allow any person outside the hospital to see the internal and personal information of the people connected to the system. The system will keep the information secure and will keep it limited to people with proper access only. Overall Description Product Perspective This product is a change of methodology for the hospitals and firstly, it will be implemented in the Wellmeadows hospital. There are several similar systems in other big hospitals but this system is designed to meet the cost and utility requirements of the small hospital. This product is an evolutionary product that will be improved in the future and more functionality will be added to it. Product Features The product is useful to the hospital in a number of ways as it provides following features to the hospital:- Easy, storage and retrieval of all patients information that not only helps to maintain track record but also helps the doctors as they can know the treatment history of the patients. Store the entire information about doctors that allow the hospital to decide, which patient will be treated by which doctor. This product not only helps in providing better treatment to the patients but also helps in building trust with patients. It also helps to know about the doctors, who are preferred by patients (Sumathi Esakkirajan 2007). Storage of staffs information that helps in smooth running of the hospital. Storage of all drugs used in the hospital and all drugs being prescribed to the patients that allows more control over the quality of drugs used. It also ensures uniformity among various doctors and to maintain the stock of drugs as per their requirements (Sumathi Esakkirajan 2007). User Classes and Characteristics The system will be used by internal users only and will be accessible to outside users in a limited form. Following are the users of the system: Hospital receptionists: The hospital receptionist will act as system administrators and will make all the entries in the system. They will have access to all the information in system and will take control of the normal proceedings of the hospital. Receptionists will register the patients, allocate staff to various wards, give appointments to patients and will maintain the central stock of medicines and drugs. Charge Nurses: The charge nurses will manipulate the information related to their specific ward and will be able to see all patients information in their ward and provide medication accordingly. They will also be able to see which staff is on duty in their ward and also will be able to see the stock of medicines in their ward. Consultants: The consultants will able to see the patients information and the list of appointments that have been allocated to them. The will be also able to see the wards in which they are assigned duties and will also be able to prescribe medicines to their patients. Patients: Patients will be able to see the appointments they have in the hospital and will be able to see the medicines that have been prescribed to them from the system. Operating Environment The system will be a web based system and can be accessed within and outside the hospital through a link over hospitals website. The users will login the system using a username and password that will be provided to them by the system administrator and the system will be independent of the operating system. Assumptions and Dependencies The system assumes that the information being added to the system is correct and authenticated. It is also assumed that the username and password will be kept secret and will not be shared with anyone. The users will be themselves responsible for losing passwords. This system doesnt include a mailing feature and hence the user should not lose their passwords in any case. The passwords will have to be reset by the database administrator only. System Flow A data flow diagram as its name suggests represents the flow of data in any system. There is a huge flow of data and information in any information system. This flow is analyzed with the help of data flow diagrams. Data flow diagrams can be used for visualization of data processing. On a DFD, data items flow from an external data source or an internal data store to an internal data store or an external data sink via an internal process (Calmet Pfalzgraf 1996). A data flow diagram is composed of several components: Entities: Entities are the sources of information in any system. These entities are the external sources of information in any system. It is very important to mention all the entities in a system. This ensures the proper flow of information in a system. These also act as external sinks for the system (Dennis, Wixom Roth 2006). Database or data store: A database stores the information in any system. These act as internal data sources for a system. It stores the information from one process and provides information to other processes. It also acts as internal sinks in the system. Processes: A process is a function performed by the system. Each process helps to access the information from database or an entity and provide the information back to the entity or database (Dennis, Wixom Roth 2006). The DFDs are represented in several levels. With increase in each level the details in the diagram also increased. Level-0 would contain minimum details, while level 1 would contain more details than level 0 and so on. This section explains flow of the system, how the system operates and its functionalities with the help of data flow diagrams. The level of details increases with each diagram. The system at the highest level is nothing but a hospital management system; the inner details are not specified in the data flow diagram level-0 (Johns 2002). Here is the zero level data flow diagram (DFD level: 0) The above diagram shows the four entities that will be involved in the system- patients, doctors, hospital staff and nurses. These are the four main sources of information in the system. As the system is broken down into several modules, these entities match up their desired roles (Johns 2002). This breakdown gives us the exact information about the operations performed by the system and the entities involved in each operation. (DFD level:1) In the DFD level -1, the system is divided into three major domains namely patient management system, stock management system and staff management system. Patient management system is related to patients that includes two types of patients- inpatients and outpatients. Inpatients are those, which get admitted in the hospital and stay there while the outpatients take appointments and visit the hospital at given date and time (Johns 2002). The second major section of the system is stock management system. In this, the requirements of the hospital are analyzed and accomplished such as clinical and non clinical requirements like drugs, bandages and other requirements. This part also maintains the division of these items among various wards and among various departments of the hospital. The third section of the system is about the staff allocation system that ensures that all staff is being assigned proper duties and each wards getting proper number of employees and nurses for its daily operations and also for emergency situations. It also ensures that the consultants are visiting the wards on time and each patient is getting proper attention. External Interface Requirements User Interfaces The user interface is simply a web interface, which is presented to the user through a web browser. This allows user to enter data and select from various drop down menus. These drop down menus show the content read from the database. By simply clicking to submit buttons, user can save data into database. The user interfaces will also implement checks for null values being entered into database (Galitz 2009). It displays the format for date values to be entered, but doesnt validate them. If there is any error in entering any values to the database, the system generates the error message and asks the user to retry. This helps the user to be ensured that the values have been entered and hence a consistency in the system is maintained (Galitz 2009). Hardware Interfaces As the system is a web based system, the website will be hosted on a central server machine with other machines getting access to it through the network. The other machines could be simple computers or especially dedicated machines that provide access only to the content. For our current implementation, we will rely on general desktop systems. Communications Interfaces The system uses HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) for sending and receiving data over the internet (Groth, Skandier, Lammle Tedder 2005). When the system is used within the hospital, it is presented on same network hence its generally faster as the server is also located within the hospital, but outside the hospital the system is accessible via internet and hence a domain is needed to be registered with the DNS servers hosted at the ISP. Data Model This section explains the data model used for the system. The section begins with recognizing all the entities to be used in the system and their relationships and then converting those entities and relations to tables. These tables will be normalized to 3NF form. This section captures the cardinality and referential integrity rules needed to ensure that the data is of good quality for the users. The main aim of data models is to support the development of information systems by providing the definition and format of data. Entity-relationship model The E-R (entity-relationship) data model views the real world as a set of basic objects (entities) and relationships among these objects (Bai 2010). It is intended primarily for the DB design process by allowing the specification of an enterprise scheme. If the information system, being designed, is based on a database then the conceptual data model will later be mapped on to a logical data model, which in turn will be mapped on to a physical model during the physical design process (Bai 2010). The E-R diagram shows all objects involved in the system as entities and the function among them as relationships. Here is a description of entities used in our system:- Entity: An entity is nothing but an object that exists and is distinguishable from other objects. Entities could be concrete such as a person or it could be an abstract entity that is nothing but a concept (Stallings 2008). An entity could also be considered as a source of information for the system. There are following entities in well meadows:- Doctor or consultant (concrete) Change nurse (concrete) Patients (concrete) Wards (abstract) Drugs (concrete) Administrator (concrete) Staff (concrete) Qualification (abstract) Inpatient (concrete) Outpatient (concrete) Attributes: Attributes are unique qualities that can be possessed by both relationships and entities. Attributes are represented by ovals that are connected to the entity sets that possess them by a line. With the exception of weak entities, all entities have to a minimum amount of attributes. These make up the primary key of the entity (Stallings 2008). Following are the attributes of the various entities described above:- Doctor: id, name, address, telephone, duty shift, date of birth Change nurse: id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, ward allocated. Patients: id, name, address, telephone, date of birth Ward : ward_num, ward_name, location, in charge nurse, number of beds Drugs: id, name, type, dosage, methodology, price, stock Administrator:- username, password, name, address, telephone, date of birth Staff: id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, ward allocated. Qualification:- institution name, qualification name Inpatient:- id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, date of admit, expected stay, expected date of leaving, actual date of leaving Outpatient: id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, date of appointment, consultant name, location, time of appointment. Here is an entity relationship diagram for the given system:- (Entity Relationship Digram) The patients are categorized into inpatients and outpatients as explained above while the staff has two categories doctors and nurses. The remaining staff is covered under staff itself. Wards are there in the hospital that is controlled by the nurses while drugs are referred by the doctors and they are taken by the patients. Both the inpatients and outpatients are treated by the doctors, while inpatients have a separate relationship with wards that they are admitted to it. Database design and normalization Normalization can be defined as the process in which data is taken from problem and reduced to a set of relations through data integrity and elimination of data redundancy (Gunderloy Jorden 2008). Data integrity: The data in the database is consistent and satisfies the all integrity constraints. Data redundancy Data redundancy incurs if it is found in two different locations (direct redundancy). At the same time the calculation of data from other items (indirect redundancy) also creates redundancy (Oppel 2004). First normalized form: The multi valued attributes are removed that facilitate a single value at the intersection of each row and column in a table. Second Normal form: In second normal form, all the non key attributes must be dependent on complete primary key and not on a single part of primary key. Third normal form: In a third normal form, all the non keys are determined only by the primary keys (Oppel 2004). Boyce-Codd normal form: The anomalies have been removed that resulted from the functional dependancies (Gunderloy Jorden 2008). The normalized schemas of the tables used in our database are given below:- Drug drug_ID drug_name description dosage method Stock Reorder cost Patient patient_id First Name Last name Address telephone Date of birth Sex Marital status Date of registration Staff Staff_id First Name Last name Address telephone position Inpatient id Patient_id Ward number Bed number Date placed Expected Stay Expected Date of leaving Actual date of leaving Ward Ward number Name location extension Charge nurse id(staff.staff id) Outpatient id patient id Consultant id Date Time location Qualification id Staff_id Type Institution Completion date Weekly allocation Ward number Staff id shift date Prescription Patient_id drug_id Start Date Units per day End date Database implementation The database defined above needs to be implemented over a database system. We use a relational database management system as our designs are based on relational model. Considering the requirements of hospital that are not very large, we can use an open source, free of cost database management system named as MySQL. MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It works on most of the available operating systems and is generally the most popular choice for implementing small database applications. It also has a plug-in named as phpmyadmin that provides a GUI access to the database (Lambrix 2010). Here are the implementations of SQLs for the database:- phpMyAdmin SQL Dump version 3.2.4 http://www.phpmyadmin.net Host: localhost Generation Time: Dec 12, 2010 at 08:58 AM Server version: 5.1.41 PHP Version: 5.3.1 SET SQL_MODE=NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO; /*!40101 SET @[emailprotected]@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET @[emailprotected]@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET @[emailprotected]@COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */; Database: `hospital` Table structure for table `drug` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `drug` ( `drug_num` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `description` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `dosage` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `method` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `stock` int(11) NOT NULL, `reorder` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `cost` decimal(10,0) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`drug_num`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `drug` Table structure for table `inpatient` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `inpatient` ( `inpatient_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `patient_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `expected_stay` int(11) NOT NULL, `date_placed` date NOT NULL, `date_leave` date DEFAULT NULL, `actual_leave` date DEFAULT NULL, `ward_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `bed_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `spouse_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`inpatient_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ; Dumping data for table `inpatient` INSERT INTO `inpatient` (`inpatient_id`, `patient_id`, `expected_stay`, `date_placed`, `date_leave`, `actual_leave`, `ward_num`, `bed_num`, `spouse_id`) VALUES (1, 1, 5, 2010-08-12, 0000-00-00, 0000-00-00, 1, 45, 0); Table structure for table `outpatient` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `outpatient` ( `appointment_num` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `consultant_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `patient_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `date` date NOT NULL, `time` time NOT NULL, `location` varchar(100) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`appointment_num`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `outpatient` Table structure for table `patient` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `patient` ( `patient_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `firstname` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `lastname` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `address` varchar(500) NOT NULL, `tel` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `dob` date NOT NULL, `sex` varchar(10) NOT NULL, `mar_status` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `reg_date` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, PRIMARY KEY (`patient_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=3 ; Dumping data for table `patient` INSERT INTO `patient` (`patient_id`, `firstname`, `lastname`, `address`, `tel`, `dob`, `sex`, `mar_status`, `reg_date`) VALUES (1, yash, yash, yash, 7799, 0000-00-00, Male, UnMarried, 2010-12-08 00:03:10); Table structure for table `prescription` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `prescription` ( `prescription_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `patent_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `drug_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `units per day` int(11) NOT NULL, `startdate` date NOT NULL, `enddate` date NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`prescription_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `prescription` Table structure for table `qualification` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `qualification` ( `q_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `staff_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `type` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `institution` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `date` date NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`q_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `qualification` Table structure for table `requets` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `requets` ( `request_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `ward_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `drug_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `quantity` int(11) NOT NULL, `date` date NOT NULL, `processed` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, `process_date` date DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`request_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `requets` Table structure for table `staff` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `staff` ( `staff_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `firstname` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `lastname` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `address` varchar(500) NOT NULL, `sex` varchar(10) NOT NULL, `dob` date NOT NULL, `tel` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `position` varchar(50) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`staff_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=4 ; Dumping data for table `staff` INSERT INTO `staff` (`staff_id`, `firstname`, `lastname`, `address`, `sex`, `dob`, `tel`, `position`) VALUES (1, abcd, pqrs, asasd, Male, 0000-00-00, 123123, Charge Nurse); Table structure for table `staffhier` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `staffhier` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `description` varchar(100) NOT NULL ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; Dumping data for table `staffhier` INSERT INTO `staffhier` (`id`, `description`) VALUES (1, consultant), (2, Charge Nurse), (3, physiotherapist), (4, nurse); Table structure for table `tblusers` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tblusers` ( `username` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `password` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `wrong_count` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, PRIMARY KEY (`username`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; Dumping data for table `tblusers` INSERT INTO `tblusers` (`username`, `password`, `name`, `wrong_count`) VALUES (admin, 123456, administrator, 1); Table structure for table `ward` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ward` ( `ward_num` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `ward_name` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `location` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `ext` int(11) NOT NULL, `num_beds` int(11) NOT NULL, `nurse_id` int(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`ward_num`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ; Dumping data for table `ward` INSERT INTO `ward` (`ward_num`, `ward_name`, `location`, `ext`, `num_beds`, `nurse_id`) VALUES (1, ank, asasd, 6666, 3, 1); Table structure for table `weeklyallocation` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `weeklyallocation` ( `allocation_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `staff_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `ward_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `shift` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `startdate` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, PRIMARY KEY (`allocation_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=4 ; Dumping data for table `weeklyallocation` INSERT INTO `weeklyallocation` (`allocation_id`, `staff_id`, `ward_num`, `shift`, `startdate`) VALUES (1, 1, 1, EARLY, 2010-12-07 18:52:40), (2, 1, 1, NIGHT, 2010-12-07 23:33:40), (3, 0, 1, , 2010-12-08 00:05:25); /*!40101 SET [emailprotected]_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET [emailprotected]_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET [emailprotected]_COLLATION_CONNECTION */; This script will create the database and will make few entries in the tables as well. The username and passwords are stored in a table named as tblUsers. The admin password is also stored in the same table. This is the dump of the database exported by using phpmyadmin. Same script can be executed using the tool or also can be imported using the import option in phpmyadmin (Lambrix 2010). This will setup the database and the application can now be configured. System implementation The software package we choose for this system is XAMPP. Xampp is a software package that is used for hosting websites and the combination of four software packages namely php, apache, mysql and phpmyadmin. Xampp is a simple program that can be run on any machine; it does not require any specific hardware. Xampp is free software and it is available for various operating systems such as Linux, Windows, Mac OS, and Solaris etc. The programs sets up a mysql server on the system as well as an apache web server on the machine. The package also configures php for the machine and also provides phpmyadmin for managing the mysql database (Newman Thomas 2008). Xampp provides a root directory named as htdocs that works for the web server. Xampp is the easiest way to host a website. Xampp is very easy to install and uninstall as compared to the separate installation and configuration of the services it provides. Xampp also includes support for filezilla, mercury etc. Developers Xampp is open source software developed by www.apachefriends.com. Apache friends were founded in 2002 by Oswald and Kay. Oswald is their webmaster, while Kay is the maintainer of apache for windows. Apache friends have Xampp as their only project (Newman Thomas 2008). There are no new projects till date. The software package is available through Sourceforge that hosted the download files on their website www.sourceforge.net and made this whole project possible. Benefits Xampp has several benefits that make web hosting easy. These are as below: It is available in many languages such as English, Dutch, Italian, French, Portuguese and Chinese etc. It makes database management very easy with support of phpmydmin. The sup

Aircraft Law: Liability :: essays research papers fc

Aircraft Law: Liability The problems regarding aircraft liability in the international realm primarily relate to resolving issues of legal status of international airline passengers and cargo. The issues are defined as follows: sovereignty over airspace, the impact of aerospace craft on the environment, the role of aerospace technology in the international system, weather modification, air safety and international aviation relations. Remarkable growth and development in the range of air transport services and technology earned the sector a distinctive international character. The latter is the most outstanding feature of the industry which allowed "every part of the world [to be reached] within a few hours of every other and, in doing so †¦ brought about a revolution in world trade, in business contacts, and in methods of diplomacy." (1) The principles of air law have been evolving at a rapid pace since the beginning of the Twenty-first Century, however, they also remain inadequate to meet the needs of contemporary society. Concern for this immense growth and the accompanying implications produced the impetus to devise a means to ensure orderly and appropriate development. Thus, "The general policy of the world community in regard to emerging issues of air law demands the maintenance and promotion of a balance between technological advance in aviation and the preservation of a wholesome environment by providing adequate policies and prescriptions." (2) The initial governing treaty passed in 1929 is known as the Warsaw Convention. This is a multilateral treaty among nations that governs international air transportation. It was based on the idea that because aviation was in its infancy, there was a risk of destroying the carrier airline if there was a major crash. Therefore, it limits the liability for carriers. Unfortunately, this treaty also limited the liability for damages to injured persons. Because of the latter clause, the U.S. renounced its participation and proceeded to join the international aviation community in entering into the Montreal Agreement of 1965. The Montreal Agreement was a special contract authorized by the Warsaw Convention which states that the parties can agree to engage in certain activities only if there is a consensus. The agreement also raised the limitation of liability, instituted absolute liability for any accident, and developed a criteria for recovery for which the injured party has to prove that the carrier was guilty of willful misconduct. This agreement only applies to flights that start, stop or end or those which connect with an itinerary that stops, starts or ends in the United States. (3) A third and more comprehensive convention was the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 also known as the Chicago Convention.

Comparing William Faulkners Short Stories, A Rose for Emily and Dry Se

Comparing William Faulkner's Short Stories, A Rose for Emily and Dry September Three key elements link William Faulkner's two short stories "A Rose for Emily" and "Dry September": sex, death, and women (King 203). Staging his two stories against a backdrop of stereotypical characters and a southern code of honor, Faulkner deliberately withholds important details, fragments chronological times, and fuses the past with the present to imply the character's act and motivation. The characters in Faulkner's southern society are drawn from three social levels: the aristocrats, the townspeople, and the Negroes (Volpe 15). In "A Rose for Emily," Faulkner describes Miss Emily Grierson in flowing, descriptive sentences. Once a "slender figure in white," the last descendent of a formerly affluent aristocratic family matures into a "small, fat woman in black, with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt, leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head" (Faulkner, Literature 25-27). Despite her diminished financial status, Miss Emily exhibits her aristocratic demeanor by carrying her head high "as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson" (28). In an equally descriptive manner, Faulkner paints a written portrait of Miss Minnie Cooper in "Dry September." He portrays her as a spinster "of comfortable people - not the best in Jefferson, but good enough people" and "still on the slender side of ordinary looking, with a bright faintly haggard manner and dress (Faulkner, Reader 520). Cleanth Brooks sheds considerable insight on Faulkner's view of women. He notes that Faulkner's women are "the source and sustainer of virtue and also a prime source of evil. She can be ... ...uth. Works Cited Brooks, Cleanth. "William Faulkner: Visions of Good and Evil." Faulkner, New Perspectives. Ed. Richard H. Brodhead. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall, 1983. ---. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House,1986. Faulkner, William. "Dry September." The Faulkner Reader. New York; Random House, 1954. ---. "A Rose for Emily." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 5th ed. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. ---. Selected Letters of William Faulkner. Ed. Joseph Blotner. New York: Random House, 1977. Kazin, Alfred. Bright Book of Life. Boston: Little Brown Company, 1973. King, Richard H. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. Reed, Joseph. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. Volpe, Edmond. A Reader's Guide to William Faulkner. New York: Octagon, 1974.

African Americans in McMillen’s Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in t

Plight of the African Americans After Reconstruction in Neil McMillen’s Book, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow Neil McMillen’s book, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow categorically examines the plight of African Americans living in Mississippi during the era of Jim Crow. McMillen, a professor at the University of Southern Mississippi, describes the obstacles that African Americans dealt with in the fields of education, labor, mob violence, and politics. Supplementing each group with data tables, charts and excerpts from Southern newspapers of the day, McMillen saturates the reader with facts that help to understand the problems faced by black Mississippians in the years after Reconstruction. McMillen begins by tracing the roots of segregation in Mississippi beginning with common law and later evolving into state sponsored apartheid with the Plessey v. Ferguson decision and the new state constitution of 1890. The need for separation between the races arose out of feelings of â€Å"negrophobia† that overcame the white citizens of the South during the period of Jim Crow. Negrophobia was an overwhelming fear by white males in the South that if the races were in close proximity of each other the savage black men would insult the heavenly virtues of Southern white women. As a result black boys in Mississippi learned at an early age that even smiling at a white woman could prove dangerous. Although segregation was vehemently opposed by Black leaders when it was first instituted, by the 1890’s leaders such as Booker T. Washington began to emphasize self-help over social equality. The fact that Mississippi’s institutions were segregated lead to them being inh erently unequal, and without a... ...ing the life of African Americans during the Jim Crow era into specific categories McMillen made it easier for the reader to understand how the Jim Crow laws governed every aspect of Blacks lives. I especially found the section on mob violence interesting. It is amazing to me how brutal and inhuman some whites could be only eighty years ago. The only criticism I had of Dark Journey was that McMillen did not discuss the strong religious convictions of many Black Mississippians and how they used their faith to help them deal with the trauma of Jim Crow. However in the end by examining the lives of blacks after reconstruction this book has amazed me by showing me how far the South and Mississippi has come in such a relatively short period of time. Work Cited: Neil R. McMillen. Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow Illini Books edition, 1990

Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance

Longboats Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance Harlem Renaissance was undoubtedly a cultural and social-political movement for the African American race. The Renaissance was many things to people, but it is best described as a cultural movement in which the high level of black artistic cultural production, demanded and received recognition. Many African American writers, musicians, poets, and leaders were able to express their creativity in many ways in response to their social condition. Until the Harlem Renaissance, poetry and literature were dominated by the white people and were all about the white culture.One writer in particular, Longboats Hughes, broke through those barriers that very few African-American artists had done before this period. Longboats Hughes played a major role and was a tremendous influence on African-American culture throughout the United States during the era of the Harlem Renaissance. He has written many poems that were influenced during the Harlem Renaissanc e, Trumpet Player and Harlem. From my perspective these poems expressed his rhythmic style and his connection to the Harlem Renaissance.In the sass's and early sass's, there was an African American cultural movement hat took place in the neighborhood of Harlem, New York. It is variously known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Literary Renaissance, or the New Negro Movement. This movement developed at the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid to late sass's, and faded in the mid sass's. There were several things that contributed to the rise of this time period, after segregation was made legal in the South, it made living conditions intolerable for African-Americans. They were powerless before the law and less than human in the eyes of many whites† (Harlem Renaissance 954). This caused a great migration to the North which seemed absolutely necessary for African-Americans. There was an industrial explosion occurring in the North and it was creating a demand for lab or. Many settled in northern cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia, and Cleveland, but New York was the destination for most. This migration to the North was a huge breakthrough for African-Americans and was the beginning of the cultural movement, the Harlem Renaissance.The Harlem Renaissance was also considered as a literary movement led by the African-Americans. It was a time of African-American creativity in literature, music, dance, and art. This movement created amazing opportunities for African-Americans, they were able to pursue their hopes and dreams without being discriminated against. They persevered and finally received what they hoped and dreamed of from white society. African-Americans received better education, more employment opportunities, and were more acknowledged in the performing arts. African Americans worked not only with a new sense of confidence and purpose but also with a sense of achievement never before experienced by so many black artists in the Eng, troub led history of the peoples of African descent in North America† (Harlem Renaissance 953). During this time the black culture was becoming more popular and accepted by non-blacks. The Harlem Renaissance was important to African- Americans because it was the first major step towards equality. Many African-Americans began to write during this time and began getting noticed for their writings. Some common themes represented during the Harlem Renaissance were the influence of the experience of slavery and emerging African- American folk traditions on black identity, the effects of institutional racism, the lemmas inherent in performing and writing for elite white audiences, and the question of how to convey the experience of modern black life in the urban North† (Wisped, Harlem Renaissance). In many of the writings that I have read from the Harlem Renaissance era, they truly depicted their struggles and experiences through their writings.There were numerous famous poets that emerged from this era, Longboats Hughes was one of the most famous poets and writers of this time. His poems were mainly about his heritage and also the experiences of Africans. Hughes was a great writer with much diversity in his types of writings. His poetry was a way for us to see a picture of urban life during the Harlem Renaissance, the habits, attitudes, and feelings of his oppressed people. These poems did more than reveal the pain of poverty, it also illustrated racial pride and dignity. His main concern was the uplift of his people, whose strengths, resiliency, courage, and humor he wanted to record as part of the general American experience† (Wisped, Longboats Hughes). Hughes was not ashamed of his heritage and his main theme, â€Å"black is beautiful,† was expressed and shared to the world through his poetry. During the literary movement, music was central to the cultural movement of the Harlem Renaissance, which was a main feature of Hughes poetry.He had an important technical influence by his emphasis on folk, Jazz, and blues rhythms as the basis of his poetry of racial pride. Hughes used this unique style of writing because it was important to him to have the readers feel and experience what they were reading, â€Å"to recognize the covert rhetoric in lyric meaner to appreciate the overlap between emotive and discursive poetry. Rooted in song, the lyric reestablishes the ritual of human communion† (Miller 52). The poem that I felt reflected Languor's lyrical style and expressed the struggles of his people was, â€Å"Trumpet Player†.After reading it many times quietly, aloud, and with music I was able to truly understand the meaning that was portrayed through this poem. The trumpet player in this poem was â€Å"The Negro' who sat on the stage, playing his trumpet, and telling us his story about the past and present struggles of his life. In the first stanza where Longboats mentions â€Å"Has dark moons of weariness Ben eath his eyes†, tells me that he has been through many things throughout his life ND by looking at him you can see the struggles he has faced.The line that follows gives you an insight to what he remembers and his violent past, â€Å"Where the smoldering memory of slave ships blazed to the crack of the whips about his thighs†. After reading the first stanza you've learned about the trumpet player and the life that he has lived. â€Å"The Negro' continues to play â€Å"with the trumpet at his lips, has a head of vibrant hair tamed down, Patent-leathered now, Until it gleams like Jet- Were jet a crown†. In this stanza I felt that Longboats showed the beauty of the trumpet player despite the struggles he has faced.With music playing an important role in Languor's style of writing and in the trumpet player's life, he expresses this in the third stanza: â€Å"The music, From the trumpet at his lips, Is honey, Mixed with liquid fire†. The music that the trumpet player plays is like â€Å"honey' to him, it is easy and feels good, â€Å"mixed with liquid fire† meaning it is strong and powerful at the same time. Longboats goes on to explain how important the trumpet is for the trumpet player. He describes the rhythm as â€Å"ecstasy, distilled from old desire†, by using the word â€Å"ecstasy' Longboats expresses how moving and pleasurable the music is to the rumple player. Distilled from old desire† reflects that the trumpet player has always had the desire to play, and even though his desire has aged he still has it within his soul to play. Within the fourth stanza Longboats goes deeper into detail about how deep the desire within the trumpet player really is. â€Å"Desire, That is longing for the moon, Where the moonlight's but a spotlight In his eyes†, I felt that in this line Longboats is telling us that the trumpet player longs for great things as high as the moon, but for him it is unreachable and will onl y be a spotlight in his eye.He also amperes his desire, â€Å"longing for the sea, where the sea's a bar-glass, sucker size†; it is another way of telling us that his desires, hopes, and dreams are as big as the sea, but living the life of oppression it will only be the size of a small glass. The fifth stanza allows us to create an image in our mind what the trumpet player looks and feels as he is playing the trumpet. He is standing there with his Jacket that has a â€Å"fine one-button roll†, playing his trumpet without reading music from a page. Does not know Upon what riff the music slips†, I saw this line to be powerful, the trumpet layer plays and creates music from within his mind and soul, his gift of music is so profound it emanates right out of him without reading a single note. â€Å"Its hypodermic needle to his soul†, Longboats also describes the intense feeling he gets as he plays, almost like a drug, maybe even painful to his soul. â€Å"But softly, as the tune comes from his throat, Trouble Mellows to a golden note†, this last stanza defines for us why the trumpet player plays.Even though he has faced oppression, a violent past, desperation, and struggle the trumpet player uses the music to mellow his soul and invert his pain to â€Å"a golden note†. Throughout this poem Longboats Hughes was able to express using his Jazz-like structure and musical flow, the struggles, past and present, that his people have faced throughout their life. Another poem that I felt truly depicted the feelings of African-Americans during the Harlem Renaissance era is, â€Å"Harlem (Dream Deferred)†. It is a poem about the dreams slaves had while being on the plantations as well as in the streets of Harlem.Throughout the poem, we are not quite sure what the dream is but we are aware of the negative effects dreams can have when they are deferred. Longboats captured me with his first line â€Å"What happens to a dream defer red? † He speaks of the African- Americans from the plantations, who have dreams but are being suppressed by oppressing forces. Racism dividing whites and blacks from any type of equality in America allowing them to have dreams but holding them back to enough to never fulfill those dreams.He continues to ask what will happen to this dream â€Å"does it dry up like a raisin in the sun†, he uses the example off raisin because they start out as a plump Juicy grape, but transform into something different once they are left out to ray. I felt that Longboats wanted us to know that his people had dreams, but the mistreatment and belief of black inferiority from the white slave masters eventually caused those dreams to shrivel up like a raisin and lose their meaning.He then asks could it â€Å"fester like a sore and then run†, meaning does the dream pick at you like a wound or sore, but if nothing is done to heal that sore, or to reach your dream, does it run away from y ou. Longboats gives a very descriptive image to the point you can almost feel and smell what would happen to your dream if it was deferred, â€Å"Does it tint like rotten meat†, the dream becomes so stagnate it begins to turn fowl. In the line could it â€Å"crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet† felt that Longboats was saying that dreaming was sweet in the inside but crusted over and became harder to reach from the outside.When Longboats said â€Å"maybe it Just sags like a heavy load†, he meant these dreams started to weigh on his people's hearts, it became a burden to have any dreams. The last question of the poem â€Å"Or does it explode? † stands out the most to me, you have a dream that you dreamed of so much that it leaves you in espalier and escapes you. Longboats Hughes wrote this poem during a time when African-Americans were enduring injustice, and feeling there was no way to reach forward.I felt he truly captured what it was like for Africa n-Americans at that time and how they were treated. Harlem Renaissance was a time when many African-Americans depicted their struggles and experiences through writing. It was a time that brought out many great changes and it allowed African-Americans to express their culture without fear and shame. This movement changed the way African-Americans were seen by whites, and he black culture became more accepted. Many great writers came about during this time, one of which was Longboats Hughes.His poetry was a true reflection of the African-American culture and Harlem. He was influenced by the struggles presented in the Harlem Renaissance, which was expressed through his poem â€Å"Harlem (Dream Deferred). † He also emphasized how music replenished the soul through emotional connections by the use of form and language through his poem â€Å"Trumpet Player. † Longboats Hughes had a true connection to the Harlem Renaissance, he helped define he spirit of the age through his l yrical style and brilliant writings.